SELECT 
  cscart_multi_decproducts_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_multi_decproducts_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_multi_decproducts_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_multi_decproducts_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids 
FROM 
  cscart_multi_decproducts_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_multi_deccategories ON cscart_multi_deccategories.category_id = cscart_multi_decproducts_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_multi_deccategories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    cscart_multi_deccategories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_multi_deccategories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_multi_deccategories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_multi_deccategories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
WHERE 
  cscart_multi_decproducts_categories.product_id IN (
    165, 166, 86, 106, 105, 247, 101, 33, 32, 
    163, 244, 212, 155, 102, 55, 176, 69, 
    138, 110, 36, 206, 28, 184, 183
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_multi_decproducts_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00063

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "31.28"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "0.65"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_multi_deccategories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 84,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 3,
            "filtered": "4.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "19.61",
              "eval_cost": "0.67",
              "prefix_cost": "20.28",
              "data_read_per_join": "8K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "storefront_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`vishalecarter_multi_dec`.`cscart_multi_deccategories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`vishalecarter_multi_dec`.`cscart_multi_deccategories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or find_in_set(0,`vishalecarter_multi_dec`.`cscart_multi_deccategories`.`usergroup_ids`) or find_in_set(1,`vishalecarter_multi_dec`.`cscart_multi_deccategories`.`usergroup_ids`)) and (`vishalecarter_multi_dec`.`cscart_multi_deccategories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "cscart_multi_decproducts_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "vishalecarter_multi_dec.cscart_multi_deccategories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 2,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 0,
            "filtered": "9.70",
            "index_condition": "(`vishalecarter_multi_dec`.`cscart_multi_decproducts_categories`.`product_id` in (165,166,86,106,105,247,101,33,32,163,244,212,155,102,55,176,69,138,110,36,206,28,184,183))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "9.00",
              "eval_cost": "0.13",
              "prefix_cost": "30.63",
              "data_read_per_join": "10"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}

Result

product_id category_ids
28 225M
32 176M
33 176M
36 220M
55 187M
69 236M
86 238M
101 238M
102 227M
105 238M
106 238M
110 243M
138 249M
155 181M
163 199,198M
165 199,198M
166 198M,199
176 252M
183 200M
184 200M
206 171M
212 172M
244 168M
247 165M